QRP Antenna Build with Induction Coil

The great thing about being in a HAM radio club is that there is always a variety of new projects and ideas I get to think about each time I attend a club event. It genuinely widens the hobby until you realize the science behind radio waves is so vast that even a PhD in electromagnetic fields wouldn't be enough to cover it all. 

NanoVNA showing a 1.14 SWR on 7.140 MHz 

Although I had been spending most of this past winter focusing on work and other hobbies, such as 3D printing and hockey, I did win a set of supplies to build a new HAM radio antenna at one of our club's raffles. The set was simple enough: a compact, retractable HF antenna for the 40, 20, 15 and 10 meter bands. The antenna was "QRP," meaning it's meant to be used at lower power, prioritizing efficiency, saving battery power, and avoiding interference to other radio operators. 

QRP is also a type of contesting in amateur radio as well; like specializing in a certain event in track and field. QRP operators seek to operate at low powers, maximizing the benefits of antenna design and tuners, to reach longer distances. It's not only a challenge, but it mimics the real-life operating constraints a radio operator may face while working "in the wild" or in an emergency situation, where mobility is necessary, and power is scarce. 

The set I received seemed relatively simple. It consisted of an extendable whip antenna, a narrow PVC pipe, and about 240 feet of copper coil. The whip was a pretty standard piece -an antenna similar to the ones you'd find on a portable radio or a really old cell phone. The work was in winding the loading coil, which meant wrapping the copper wire around the pipe tightly 90 times, feeding it through the tube, and soldering it to the whip at the top and the "BNC" connector at the bottom. The BNC connector is a type of coaxial port that can connect your feed line to a transceiver. 

The wrapped wire acts as an inductor that creates a magnetic field. The field actually "lengthens" the antenna electronically. It allows the antenna to operate sufficiently at only a few feet, while a conventional full-wave antenna for the 40 meter band would need to be about 144 feet. 

If you compare the two static antennas I currently have for UHF/VHF and HF at my base station which both include more than 30 feet of antenna and feed line, this new QRP design should operate with a whip of only about 10 feet. And, that can be collapsed to something that can fit in or on a backpack. 

Basic Antenna Schematic

However, while the schematic was simple (like the diagram above), the construction was difficult for a first timer. First off, winding copper coil for an inductor is not easy, and takes a lot of patience. I actually wasted the wiring I got with my set by
accidentally tangling it after it bounced off the PVC cylinder like a slinky (remember those!). That was my first lesson, make sure to use a set-up with clips, or even Scotch tape to secure it, and carefully unwind the wire so no tangles or kinks get created. Eventually, I was able to use my own spare role of 1 mm copper wiring to create a new conductor on the PVC tube. Still, there were some kinks in my wiring, so I was a bit nervous about the results. 

Once I completed the loading coil, and attached the whip and BNC connector, I was pretty much done. All I did was add heat-shrink wrapping to weather-proof the antenna. 

At the end of the day, my little project was a success with some setbacks. At 40 meters (roughly 7.14 MHz), my NanoVNA network analyzer showed an SWR of less than 1.5 across the band. This was a great result. It showed that the length and dimensions of the induction coil and whip are perfect in this particular frequency range. However, I got inconsistent results for bands 20 meters and below. This could be due to kinks in my wiring, lack of protection from electronic interference in my feed line, or an inaccurate measurement of length and width of the conductor or thickness in the copper wiring. Despite all this, my new antenna should work to contact individuals across the globe on 40 meters. To compensate for high SWR on the other bands, I would likely need a tuner. 

There is a great Youtube video from The SmokinApe which goes through a similar project, and also provides an extraordinary measuring tool which can help wind an induction coil perfect for any wavelength you'd like to operate on.  This tutorial and measurement tool will be helpful in creating a new-and-improved version of the first draft documented here. 

The Movie, The Radio & Canada's Doomsday Station

Say you were on a remote science base, being attacked by a blood-thirsty alien, zombie, or alien-zombie. Wouldn't you want to have a realistic working radio to call for backup? Well according to most Hollywood directors, the answer is no...   

The Radio Room in the Diefenbunker, callsign VEC3CWM

As a HAM radio operator and certified movie buff, I'm often annoyed by the inaccuracies I find in films when it comes to radio communication. It's a bit pedantic, I know, but far too often the radio is simply a plot device, rather than a specific technology. Get on the radio, push the talk button, and say "come in x, over!"; take your store-bought walkie talkie, and call someone around the world (riiight). 

Possibly the worst example I saw was in the big budget Netflix thriller "Zero Day", where the bad guys used a "long range AM radio" to broadcast their secret plans. All the good guy needed to do was buy an AM receiver at the radio store, and the terrorists' plans were dashed. With a budget big enough to pay Jesse Plemons, Robert De Nero and Lizzy Caplan, I wish the producers would've spent an hour reading about HF radio, given that it was so integral to the plot (which also left a lot to be desired). But I digress, not every movie can be a Five-Popcorn Bag hit and get the finer technical details correct. 

But, I did find a good, accurate depiction of a radio room in the 2024 sci-fi horror film "Blood and Snow." While the film itself is just a low-budget slasher, very similar to John Carpenter's 1986 cult classic, "The Thing", Blood and Snow featured a remarkably accurate radio room set. In fact, the radio room scenes weren't filmed on a set at all. They were filmed in the actual, operational communications room of the "Diefenbunker," or Canadian Forces Station Carp, the Canadian government's old nuclear doomsday shelter, similar to the United States' Cheyenne Mountain Complex.

Blood and Snow mostly takes place in a remote arctic base in far northern Canada, where a member of the crew is infected by an alien pathogen, and starts killing the rest of the cast. (Just like in The Thing...) However, the radio room caught my attention. The radio looked to be an actual Yaesu HF base station, and shots of the desks show real user manuals for Yaesu radios. Yaesu is one of the most recognizable brands in radio, so seeing an actual HF radio, and not just a prop with random knobs and buttons was refreshing. Additionally, I noticed a Canadian amateur radio callsign in the room, VEC3CWM. 

Blood and Snow Poster

Of course, as a HAM, I immediately had to pause the film and look up the callsign. As it turns out, VEC3CWM is a vanity callsign belonging to Canada's Cold War museum, and former home of the "Diefenbunker", in Carp, Ontario just north of Ottawa. The Diefenbunker was once the emergency headquarters for Canada's government, an underground complex meant to be used in the event of nuclear war. It was dubbed "Diefenbunker" because it was Prime Minister John Diefenbaker who authorized it's construction in 1957. 

The Deifenbunker was operational from 1961 to 1994 when it was decommissioned. During that time it was heavily-guarded and shrouded in secrecy and myth -sort of like the the States' Area 51, or various cold war missile and fallout bases. In 1994, it was opened to the public as a museum. One neat exhibit of The Cold War museum in Carp is the radio room. It's an operational radio room with both modern equipment as well as working antique period-specific radio equipment used throughout Deifenbunker's operational lifespan. The station is designated callsign VEC3CWM, CMW standing for "Cold War Museum." The Diefenbunker Amateur Radio Club (DARC) operates the station, so it's still possible for licensed amateurs to make contact with the Deifenbunker using the HF bands. Like any amateur radio station in someones home or at a club site, it also serves as a possible hub for emergency communication if traditional landline, cellular, or Internet services are compromised due to natural disaster.  Plus, it provides a neat opportunity for guests to see a real HF radio rig in action. 

An underground tunnel in Canada's "Diefenbunker"

Because Canada has so much remote wilderness, amateur radio is not only a popular hobby but a necessary method of communication. Stations like VEC3CWM act as a critical back-up when other communication mediums are unavailable. And, just like in the States', Canada has an Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES), a network of amateur volunteer operators who practice regularly, and activate during emergencies to relay communications between citizens and government services. Due to the remoteness of Canada's geography, some of the population still does not have access to high-speed Internet, and while the Government is making a significant investment to providing Internet to everyone, they don't expect 100 percent coverage until at least 2030. So, along with non-traditional communications like satellite Internet, radio remains an important method for keeping rural towns, Indigenous communities, commercial installations, and research stations in Canada connected. 

So, while the characters in Blood and Snow were trying desperately to make an emergency call from their command center (while getting hunted down by a killer alien), the actors were actually just in an educational museum exhibit, and amateur radio club site. They didn't really even make an attempt to spice it up with extra props! They just filmed those scenes at the museum as is, which I thought was funny.  

So, what could've been a forgettable movie, turned out to be memorable for me due to the unique nature of the filming location. 

If I ever visit the Cold War Museum in Carp, or make a QSO with VEC3CWM, I can say it was because I was bored over Winter break and watched Blood and Snow, directed by Jesse Palangio and starring Anne-Carolyne Binette, Michael Swatton and Vernon Wells.  

Pelangio, Jesse. Blood and Snow, Department M Productions, Los, Angeles California. 2024.

The Edmund Fitzgerald: A True Story about Mortality and Mother Nature.

Lake Michigan, on a cold November morning.

I once had a friend from another country who looked upon Lake Michigan, and said "That's not a Lake, it's a Sea!". 

Of course, they were right! People of the Great Lakes region already know that. Everyone from Minnesota to Montreal knows that. 

We love our fresh-water Seas, and most of the time, those Seas love us back. 

From beaches on the metropolitan skylines of Toronto and Chicago, to fishing off of Little Bailey's Harbor on the finger-tip of Wisconsin, the Lakes are a gift from Mother Nature to us. 

From fishing, casual boating, swimming, and importantly transportation, the Lakes bring us not only joy, but wealth. The Midwestern United States, and its neighbors in Canada, would not have been able to build the great industrial society we live in today if it were not for the Lakes. Freighters from all corners of the Midwest, forged by the best ship-builders, and manned by the toughest of men and women, moved taconite (commonly known as iron ore), grains, and other raw materials across the Lakes commercially. And they still do this for us today. Regardless of where you live in the world, it's very possible that you've eaten bread sourced from grain that once traveled on a Great Lakes freighter, or used a tool or item made with steel forged from the taconite that those freighters shipped. 

Taconite documented with other samples of materials shipped on The Great Lakes

Even, all-the-way in Hamburg, Germany, they have an exhibit commemorating the famous ships and crews of the Great Lakes at the International Maritime Museum.  

Models of Great Lakes ships in Hamburg

But, no matter how much ingenuity and technology we humble humans invest into our endeavors, Mother Nature reminds us that it can all be gone in an instant. In Ohio, we have tornadoes that can rip though a small town in seconds. Along the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, rivers can flood and destroy entire communities. In California, an earthquake can hit at any time and create unimaginable terror an chaos.      

And on a windy November evening in 1975, a similar natural disaster struck the SS Edmund Fitzgerald as it was on a routine journey to move taconite from from a supplier in Superior, Wisconsin to Detroit.

In a cold windstorm, the SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank in heavy waves along with all 29 men on her crew. 

The story was big at the time. In 1975, we had modern Radar, and ways to predict weather. Not only that, no one expected for anything terrible to happen to such a big vessel on such a small fresh-water Lake.

Even, the Edmund Fitzgerald itself was a bit of a local celebrity. It was the largest ship on the Great Lakes when it launched, and people would bring their kids to the ports of Duluth and Superior just to see giant ships like her enter and exist. 

The late Captain of the Fitzgerald, Ernest M. McSorley, was known for delighting the small crowds by honking the ship's horn, and waving a friendly "Ahoy!" to everyone who stopped to watch the great ship pull into port. 

There's a famous song about what happened after that Gargantuan, modern, metal-hauling ship set sail for the last time. Many of us remember the lyrics by heart... 

But, Mother Nature and the Great Lakes humbled all of our ingenuity and technology. 

The winds of Lake Superior created waves strong enough to flood and sink that ship. As Gordon Lightfoot sang in his famous song, "The Gales of November Came Early." And the The Edmund Fitzgerald, and her 29-man crew were doomed. 

I was not alive to remember the actual ship's sinking. 

I was born more than a decade later. But, even I knew about that horrible disaster. To this day, it lives on in memory and song. 

To me, the story of the Edmond Fitzgerald is a story about both the labor and the hard-work that workers do, and the risks they take each day when they go to work. 

It is also a story about the fury of Mother Nature. 

The 29 sailors on that ship may not have known it, but they risked life and limb everyday, for nothing but a humble wage... just enough to feed the family, and keep a house over their head. If they were feeling sick or depressed, they didn't call-off work, they boarded the ship just the same. Because, at that time, that was what was expected of them. 

But, no one expected them to drown in the freezing ice-cold seas of Lake Superior. No one expected that Wives, Sons, and Daughters would have to hear from the US Coast Guard that their loved-one is not only, not coming home, but has perished in a terrible storm. 

That portion of the story speaks of not only the sailors, but also the truck drivers, machine workers, warehouse workers and constructions workers, etc. who on every continent, and take risks every day to bring home a tiny, rice-grain, fraction, of what billionaires hoard for themselves every minute. At any point, at anytime, a work accident can happen, and a life could be erased from this earth- at no fault of the worker. 

One day you're here, the next day you're gone.  

The story of Mother Nature is much simpler. AT BEST, we humble humans can prepare for or avoid Mother Nature. But we cannot defeat her. 

When the winds blow, and the rivers rise, it's best to just get out of her way. We have a beautiful planet, with fresh water-lakes, seas trees, and animals... but it's important to realize that a hurricane, tornado, earthquake or cold November storm is always on the horizon. We need educated, trained, professionals to keep us safe. And, to help navigate us safely into port. But even the most experienced navigator knows, Mother Nature can strike at any time.   

Captain Paul Berger and Relief Captain Vince Hagman command a ship similar to the Edmond Fitzgerald (Photo credit to GreatLakesNow.org).

Around this time of year, I listen to Gordon Lightfoot's famous song about the Edmond Fitzgerald. And, it's both beautiful and sad. 

It's sometimes important to reflect on sad things. 

I suppose it's why I hum Gordon Lightfoot's "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" at this time of year. 

It's not just a tragedy, but a true story about 29 talented, hard-working men, that made an honest day's wage, and also made little kids happy when they sounded their great ship's horn in little Lake towns like Cleveland, Conneaut, and Erie.

There is not one single memorial or fund to honor the SS Endumd Fitzgerald and her crew. But if you're moved enough to look into the story, and learn about the ship and it's crew, visit WashburnHeritage.org.    

A full list of the crew can be found here.               

The Joys of the Library

The idea of a "library" may conjure images of dusty bookshelves, and a mean old lady yelling at you to "Be Quiet" just for opening up a gum wrapper. But I feel like the local library may have gotten a bad-wrap ;), so to speak...

Libraries are excellent places these days!  

I don't think of libraries like that anymore. 

Libraries are fundamentally a place where I get to do work (in my own quiet space), and hook up to the Internet for free! But not only that, Libraries are where you can solve mysteries, explore far-fetched philosophies, and even be a space cadet. Some Libraries even have padded rooms where you can practice a musical instrument, without hurting your neighbors' ears. 

The Joseph Regenstein Library

Let's start with the basics. Libraries are by-and-large designed as a place to solve mysteries. Do you need to write a book report on ancient Egypt? Do you need to learn how "Amyloid plaques" impact elderly people who may be susceptible to Alzheimer's disease? The Library is your place! 

Even the smallest library, in a small town, is probably networked with other libraries nearby. So whatever mystery you're solving, the good librarians at your local locations should be able to order in a book or a document that covers everything you need to you know. 

Some older Libraries are beautifully designed. Even if you don't need to solve a mystery, they are beautiful places to explore, or just eat your lunch in!

On my lunches, at the prestigious University of Chicago, I'd often visit the Regenstein Library just to walk around. And I eventually found the Regenstein Library to be just the place to explore far-fetched philosophies! 

My eccentric girlfriend (at-the-time) recommended Georges Bataille's "The Accursed Share Vol. 1". Well that was a weird and wonderful French Language, philosophy book... But, I wanted the sequel, "Volume 2". But, even on Amazon, Volume 2, was like $50.00... That was a bit too much.

But, The Regenstein Library at the prestigious University of Chicago had it. I even got to find it in the stacks. It was pretty fun, searching that library. I got to search many floors, and many selves, and feel like a real philosopher while I was doing it.  

The Kent Free Library

And lastly, a Library is a place where you can be an honest-to-god Space Cadet! I remember being a kid dressed up in a full-blown Star Trek outfit. I was an Ensign, in the Engineering Division, on a Star Fleet Space Ship! 

I never had more fun in my life! 

We even made protector-boxes, to protect eggs, while we threw them off a ledge...

All of the eggs stayed safe. Because we were doing an experiment, and we were very experienced Star Fleet Space Cadets. We knew how to protect those eggs from a fall.

And that was all thanks to the wonderful people at the Kent Free Library.

Going Long-range with Transequatorial Propagation (TEP)

I just sent a radio message that was heard 5622 miles away, in Chile! 

I didn't use an Internet provider; no smartphone, no satellites... I didn't even have a big antenna (though, I want one).  

How did I do it? 

Contact with Chile

Well, I've got a nice HAM radio rig connected to a pretty low-tech antenna. But, what really helped was something called Transequatorial Propagation (TEP). TEP is a phenomenon that allows radio signals to travel much farther than expected when communicating across the equator. 

"Propagation" is the term used to describe how radio signals travel. 

Sometimes propagation is more direct. Signals are radiated from a transmitter and, for a certain distance, they are received clearly, provided there is a line-of-sight between transmitter and receiver. This is similar to how my UHF/VHF rig, and scanner, work. Regardless of the conditions, day or night, I can use my UHF/VHF rig to contact others within about 50 miles in all directions. Radios used by the Police, Fire, and Civil Service in my area do the same thing. They are very reliable within a certain range, but cannot propagate farther than that. 

The great thing about "HAM" radio is that we can experiment. We're not emergency workers or broadcast stations, so we can chat, or call out "CQ" to check if anyone is out there to talk to. In doing so, we can actually use our modest radios and antennas to communicate MUCH FARTHER than a standard commercial radio, by using propagation.

FT8 Contact with Chile

I've written other articles about propagation, but I have yet to really describe Transequatorial Propagation (TEP)... Perhaps because I didn't quite understand it when I was using it. 

But it all makes sense now. I've been able to regularly contact, through both phone/voice and digital messaging, South America -Argentina, Brazil and Chile- with relatively low power. 

It's all because of Transequatorial Propagation! 

Transequatorial Propagation (TEP)

As I have mentioned on The Cublical Ruins before, radio propagation is often assisted by ionization of molecules in the upper atmosphere. Ions in the "F" region of the atmosphere, in the right conditions, will reflect radio waves, and send them cascading over a much larger range than the original transmitter can send on its own. 

Night and day, Winter or Summer, there is always more Ionization near Earth's magnetic equator. It's receives the most sunlight year-round, and creates an equatorial field of ions and charged particles. This field creates a mirror (of sorts). It can amplify, and reflect, radio signals going directly across it! 

So this is why -on an otherwise bad day for radio- I can send a low-power signal, and get a response from Chile or Argentina! I used the Sun, sub-atomic particles, the ionization in the atmosphere and Transequatorial Propagation, to send my signal... 

Science is pretty cool!               

Introducing the HAM Radio Widget

Now you can check in on my HAM radio adventures!

In keeping with the goals of The Cubical Ruins: to write, practice web development and provide readers with some insight into my life and experiences, I added a new widget to the homepage... 

Check out the new "HAM Radio Contacts" widget, on the right-hand navigation menu of the website. Like the "What's Up There" widget above it, you can click and drag the HAM radio widget to see where I've made recent contacts with my radios.